Exercise oficially extends life

Following a healthy lifestyle can lead to a longer life, even among people who are already well into their 70s, new research shows.

Getting regular exercise, staying engaged with friends and family, and abstaining from smoking were all associated with longer life in a study that followed people in their mid-70s and older for close to two decades.

These healthy traits apparently added, on average, five years to women’s lives and six years to men’s.

The study is among the first to identify specific lifestyle behaviors associated with longer life, even among people with chronic health problems and those over the age of 80, researchers say.

“Our results suggest that encouraging favorable lifestyle behaviors even at advanced ages may enhance life expectancy,” concluded the researchers from Sweden’s Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University.

The study, published in the journal BMJ, included about 1,800 people who were followed for 18 years from the mid-1980s.

Everyone in the study was 75 years old or older at enrollment, and 9 out of 10 (92%) died during the follow-up. Half lived for 90 years or longer, with women being more likely to survive to this age than men. Those who lived longer were also more likely to be highly educated, participate in physical and non-physical leisure activities, have rich social networks, and engage in regular exercise.

Physical activity was the single biggest predictor of longevity. People who regularly swam, walked, or performed other exercise lived an average of two years longer than people who did not. Longevity in former smokers was similar to that of people who had never smoked, but 4 out of 5 former smokers quit between 15 and 35 years before entering the study.

People with the healthiest lifestyles lived an average of 5.4 years longer than those with the least healthy lifestyles. Even among people over the age of 85 and those with chronic health conditions, a healthy lifestyle appeared to prolong life by four years. The study did not include information on diet, so it is unclear how healthy and unhealthy eating behaviors affected life span.

The researchers also didn't know lifestyle behaviors prior to old age. Despite these limitations, Gisele Wolf-Klein, MD, says the findings add to the evidence that it is never too late to improve health and prolong life.

Wolf-Klein is director of geriatric education for the North Shore-LIJ Health System in New Hyde Park, N.Y.

“It has been known for a long time that adjusting lifestyle behaviors at any age can be beneficial in terms of health and survival,” she says. She cites as an example her mentor in geriatric medicine who was a smoker until he had a massive heart attack in his mid-70s. “He gave up smoking ‘cold turkey’ after that and began exercising on a stationary bicycle 30 minutes every day,” she says. “He is still doing it at the age of 94.”

30 mins of Exercise a day as good as 60, in some cases.

A new study at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark has found that sedentary, slightly overweight healthy young men, who worked up a sweat exercising 30 minutes daily for three months, lost a similar amount of weight and body fat as those who did 60 minutes of daily exercise.

The researchers describe the findings of their randomized controlled trial in a study reported online recently in the American Journal of Physiology.

The researchers suggest one reason for the surprising result is that the exercise felt "doable" for the participants in the 30 minutes a day group, who even felt afterwards that they could have done more. In contrast, the 60 minutes a day group probably compensated by eating more, therefore losing less weight than expected.

This second point would fit in with the results of previous research that the researchers point to in their background information. This suggests that the reason exercise often produces a disappointing amount of weight loss is because a diet-induced negative energy balance (where calories consumed aren't enough to cover daily energy needs) often triggers "compensatory mechanisms", such as lower metabolic rate and increased appetite.

Perhaps 60 minutes of exercise results in more overcompensation than 30 minutes. On average, the men who exercised 30 minutes a day lost 3.6 kg in three months, and those who exercised 60 minutes a day lost 2.7 kg. The reduction in body fat was about 4 kg for both groups.

The result is significant because 40% of Danish men are thought to be moderately overweight. Overcoming barriers to exercise in a group that does none at all should be easier if the aim is to attain 30 minutes a day than 60 minutes a day.

The study is part of an interdisciplinary trial called FINE, a Danish acronym for physical activity for a long healthy life, which has generated strong data in a group of 60 or so participants.

For the study, the researchers randomly assigned each of 62 healthy, sedentary, moderately overweight young men to one of three groups: a high exercise group (burning about 600 kcal per day with about 60 minutes of aerobic exercise), a moderate exercise group (300 kcal per day, 30 minutes exercise), and a control group that continued to be sedentary.

They monitored the men as they followed their program for 13 weeks.The participants trained every day through the study period. The training sessions were planned to produce a light sweat, but the participants were also instructed to increase the intensity three times a week.

The results showed that body weight went down by 2.7 kg in the high exercise group, and 3.6 kg in the moderate exercise group. Fat mass went down by 4.0 kg and 3.8 kg respectively.

Olympic Athlete Interview: Nikola Girke

There have been a fair number of world class athletes who have competed in two Olympic Games, but very few who have done so in two different sports. At the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, West Vancouver native Nikola Girke represented Canada crewing on the two person 470 sailboat, finishing 13th.The following year, this multi-talented athlete switched to RS:X windsurfing, launching another — yet completely different — Olympic campaign for Beijing 2008. A respectable 17th place finish at those Games inspired Nikola to continue in pursuit of bringing home an Olympic Medal for Canada this summer. Nikola has competed in World Championships, Pan American Games, and European Championships alongside competitors who have been windsurfing for decades. She is the sole Canadian representative at the London 2012 Olympic Games in women's windsurfing, and the perfect inspiration for those of us who would love to master even one activity!

BMP: What achievements are you most proud of?

NG: I am most proud of having switched Olympic sports from being a crew on the double handed 470 sailboat dinghy in Athens 2004 to competing in windsurfing at the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.  To make that switch was incredibly daunting and a lot of hard work. Since Beijing, I’ve been relentless in my training and am a medal contender for the London 2012 Games.

BMP: Do you think Canada’s top athletes have anything in common with the general population who want to get fit?

NG: Yes, absolutely, we all are capable of getting fit. We all have goals and we make choices on how to achieve these goals. Athletes are probably tougher on themselves, disciplining themselves to endure when others wouldn’t. I like the quote by Lou Holtz: "Ability is what you are capable of. Motivation determines what you do. Attitude determines how well you do it."

BMP: Are there days where you don’t feel like training? In those moments, what motivates you/what advice would you give to those who can’t seem to get motivated?

NG: I am human after all…so that goes without saying – I don’t feel like training all the time. Training on the water when it’s cold and raining is miserable at best, so getting out of the house is half the battle. Set a time - being accountable to someone like a friend/training partner/coach or a schedule you post on your fridge is key, and know that the sooner you do it…the sooner it’s over with. Knowing how good I’ll feel after and knowing that I will have outworked my competition are all motivating factors too.



Photo by Mike Wakefield

 BMP: What are your top tips for those who want to lead a more active lifestyle but don’t know where to start?

NG: Set goals, short – medium and long term goals that are measurable and realistic so you can achieve success. Start off with a few times per week and progress from there, you want to build into a routine, not destroy yourself by leaping straight into it. And most importantly you’ve got to enjoy yourself. Pick activities that you enjoy and do them with friends.  

BMP: Many people are concerned that our schoolchildren are not as active as they should be – if you could implement one initiative in Canadian schools what would it be?

NG: I think it’s really important for kids these days to be active everyday. Each school day should include physical education, centered around healthy eating and exercise that is fun. If kids have fun, they’ll be more likely to do it in their own time too rather than turning to all the sedentary distractions like TV, video games etc. that are available.

BMP: What for you is the number one benefit to leading an active life?

NG: I like feeling fit and being healthy, and the bonus…the more active I am, the more energy I have.

BMP: What’s your favourite healthy snack?

NG: Sugar Snap Peas and all berries… but not together!

BMP:  What’s your favourite ‘active health’ activity to do on a day off from training?

NG: Days off are tough – they are supposed to be solely for recovery, however, I’m not good with just lazing around all day. If I’m near a surfing spot … I’d go surfing. Going for an easy hike, a nice walk or a bike ride with friends is a great way to get outside and move, which also helps recovery.

Follow Nikola's progress on facebook, twitter, and her website

Olympic Athlete Interview: Michael Tayler

First up in our series of interviews with inspirational Canadian athletes is kayaker Michael Tayler. At just 20 years old, this Ottawa native claimed the sole Canadian berth for a kayaker in London this summer by finishing his qualifying run just 0.1 of a second ahead of his nearest competitor.

In our exclusive Bloomberg Manulife Prize interview, he tells us a little about what being active and healthy means to him, and offers tips on getting motivated, even if your goals are a little more modest than the next Olympic Games!  

BMP: What achievements are you most proud of?

MT: I am most proud of winning the Canadian Olympic Selection race this year and earning the only spot for men’s kayak to represent Canada at the 2012 Olympic Games in London. I went out and raced for myself and that ended up being good enough to win it all!

BMP: Do you think Canada’s top athletes have anything in common with the general population who want to get fit?

MT: Like the general population we are always looking to set goals for ourselves, whether it be getting stronger, faster, losing or gaining weight. It is just as difficult for athletes to get that ‘extra edge’ they are looking for as it is for someone to make a change in their lifestyle. The feeling of success is the same for everyone, whether that goal is to win a gold medal, run a 10k for the first time, or loose 10lbs.

BMP: Are there days where you don’t feel like training? In those moments, what motivates you/ what advice would you give to those who can’t seem to get motivated?

MT: Yes, all the time. When you wake up in the morning and it’s cold outside, often the last thing you want to be doing is going to the river and training, but if I know my training partners are going to be there, then I’m always there. My advice to those that can’t seem to get motivated is to get a friend or two and set a time to meet at the gym. Set small, reachable goals together, and work towards them.

BMP: What are your top tips for those who want to lead a more active lifestyle but don’t know where to start?

MT: Don’t be afraid to ask the experts! We are more than willing to help people get into the sports we love. Athletes are sports enthusiasts and like nothing better than discussing their sport and other sports with anyone willing to listen!

BMP: What’s your favourite healthy snack?

MT: Does coffee count?!


BMP: Many people are concerned that our schoolchildren are not as active as they should be – if you could implement one initiative in Canadian schools what would it be?

MT: I would try and diversify sports and fitness programming in schools. If children are introduced to a wide range of sports then there is a larger chance that they will find something they connect with and enjoy. Everyone has different athletic strengths and so just because a kid isn’t good at one sport, they can still excel in another.


BMP: What for you is the number one benefit to leading an active life?

MT: The number one reason for me is the feeling of being fit and healthy.

BMP: What’s your favourite ‘active health’ activity to do on a day off from training? 



Michael  hiking the Tongariro Crossing, New Zealand

MT: Really….my favourite way to relax on a day off from training is by watching TV and playing video games! Outside of training, one of my favourite things to do while I’m travelling is go on a cool hike. While I was training in New Zealand this year, I hiked the Tongariro Crossing, which was an amazing experience.

Stand up for a longer life

Are you sitting down right now? You might want to stand up.

According to a new study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine, sitting for long periods increases your risk of all-cause early death.

In the study, researchers followed 222,497 Australian adults for several years. Over the course of the study, participants who sat for more than 11 hours a day had the highest risk for all-cause mortality, followed by those who sat between 8 and 11 hours daily. Those who sat for less than four hours a day had the lowest risk of all-cause mortality.

The revelation that sitting can kill isn’t necessarily new. In the past several years, study after study has confirmed that living a sedentary life — going from your bed to your desk to the couch and back to bed every day — can damage our health in a variety of ways. In fact, it has been shown to increase risk for heart disease, obesity, diabetes, dementia, and some cancers.

Another recent study actually found that sitting is so detrimental, its effects are almost impossible to exercise away. The study followed 27 Finnish men and women over two days. On the first day, they exercised; on the second day, they did not. When researchers measured the muscle activity and heart rate of the participants, they found that though they burned calories through exercise, it did not increase their overall muscle activity. Researchers also found that desk workers’ muscles are inactive for about 70 percent of the day — regardless of whether the day includes any fitness training.

The takeaway: Reduce the amount of time you spend sitting however possible. Try these tips to up your daily activity:

• Walk more. One of the simplest ways to offset the effects of sitting is to walk. If you can, walk or bike to work instead of driving. If you take public transportation, get off a few stops earlier to squeeze in more steps — experts recommend buying a pedometer and aiming for 10,000 daily steps.
• Stand up at work. Experts estimate that standing burns 50 percent more calories than sitting, so whenever possible, think on your feet on the job. Stand during meetings, while you’re on the phone, and depending on the type of work you do, consider adding a standing desk to your office.
• Fidget while you work. According to researchers at the Minnesota Obesity Center, fidgeting might be what separates thin people from overweight people. To increase your daily activity, make a point to get up and walk around your office every half an hour, if possible.
• Make TV time active. Instead of vegging out on the couch when you get home, add activity to your evenings by doing jumping jacks, pushups, crunches, and other fat-blasting moves during commercial breaks of your favorite shows.

Research backs link between exercise and mental health

The physical benefits of regular exercise are often the most publicised, but while taking inches off your waistline, an active lifestyle has also been proven to do wonders for your emotional well-being.

According to Boston University psychology professor Michael W. Otto and Jasper A. J. Smits, associate professor of psychology at Dallas’s Southern Methodist University, one reason exercise positively affects mental wellness is that it increases the production of serotonin. Low levels of this neurotransmitter have been linked to depression, they write in their recent book Exercise for Mood and Anxiety: Proven Strategies for Overcoming Depression and Enhancing Well-Being.

Then there is the theory that exercise “whips your body into better shape” to handle stressors, they contend.
Exercise in itself is a stressor, forcing the body to adapt to the demands placed on it, and this kind of regular stress may help you be physiologically better at handling stress in general.

In their book, the two refer to several long-term, large-scale studies supporting the positive effects of exercise on mood.

A 2010 meta-analysis of 70 studies on the subject published in Annals of Behavioral Medicine, for instance, found that adults who reported sad or depressed moods—but not at levels that were considered psychiatric disorders—reported meaningful improvements in their mood as they started doing regular exercise.
A 2007 Psychological Medicine study of adolescents found that 16 percent of those who weren’t physically active developed an anxiety disorder over a four-year period compared to half that rate among those who exercised regularly.

Another study, from 2000 and published in Preventive Medicine, found that exercise is linked to less anger and “cynical distrust” as well as stronger feelings of social integration.

Perhaps the most convincing argument in favour of regular exercise for mood is also the simplest: unlike the goal of losing weight, the benefits of physical activity on a person’s mental state are almost immediate, Otto and Smits say. About 20 minutes into a workout, you start feeling better; that effect can last hours or even into the next day.

The authors don’t discount the role that medication and talk therapy can play in the treatment of conditions like depression and anxiety, and they emphasize that suicidal thoughts need immediate treatment. However, they argue that in many cases, exercise can function as the body’s own natural antidepressant.

Exercise is one component of the Canadian Mental Health Association B.C. branch’s Bounce Back: Reclaim Your Health program. Funded by the provincial Ministry of Health, the free program is geared to people with milder mental-health problems and helps them recognize and deal with signs of stress, low mood, and worry.

Some of the coping strategies are delivered through workbook materials and telephone coaching, with one being centred on using exercise to improve how you feel.

Planned exercise has been shown to boost mood, reduce tension and anxiety, and improve self esteem. Additional benefits include fun, social contact, structure provided in the day, plus wider long-term physical health benefits.

Psychologists Otto and Smits admit that sometimes even they find it tough to get off the couch and exercise. In their clinical practice, they’ve heard every excuse when it comes to avoiding physical activity: feeling too busy, tired, depressed, or unmotivated. They offer dozens of practical strategies to put intentions into action, such as bringing an audio book to reward yourself after the fact.

Exercise, they maintain, is your chance to approach the world with “appropriate selfishness—doing what you need to do to feel better today”.

“Keep this in mind as you think about your next workout,” they write. “You are doing it to feel less stressed, less down, and more relaxed. You are doing it for the sense of energy it provides and for the sense of being in tune with your body.…The key is getting out there and making your exercise a regular part of your life.”

Another reminder of why you need to get moving!

We know you know, but here it is again: exercise is the most natural and easy way you can stay healthy and live longer. The first scientific study to show this was published in London, England, back in 1843. At that time, research had already revealed that the mortality rate of sedentary people was higher than that of those who were physically active. Now, outside of other factors like smoking, age and diet, we know that exercise considerably reduces the risks of today’s most common diseases, namely heart disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer... Not to mention the benefits on the most common psychological state in our times: depression. Here's a short reminder of some of the ways an active lifestyle benefits you:

Heart Disease
Overall, exercise reduces the risk of heart disease by more than 40% in terms of all major risk factors. People who are very active physically, such as marathon runners and triathletes, rarely suffer from heart disease. Exercise protects you in many ways: increased good cholesterol (HDL) and, with a lot of exercise, a drop in bad cholesterol (LDL); reduced blood pressure between 8 mm and 12 mm (sometimes enough to avoid medication) and reduced abdominal fat (the most dangerous fat for the heart). As well, exercise is a key part of post-heart attack treatment.

Cancer
Physically active people are less likely to end up with cancer than those of us who are sedentary. Should they have the misfortune of being hit with this disease, they have a greater chance of surviving, since their physical condition enables them to handle more the powerful and thus more effective treatments. The most common cancers whose risk is reduced by exercise: breast cancer (namely from the anti-estrogen effect of exercise) and colon cancer. The risk can drop by 30% to over 50%. No other prevention factor is as powerful! In the fight against obesity, exercise could also reduce the risk of developing cancers of the pancreas and oesophagus.

Type 2 Diabetes
This is the most common form of diabetes in the world. Exercise is effective prevention of diabetes, since it acts like a shot of insulin. It reduces blood sugar levels and improves the effectiveness of the available insulin. This results in the body being able to control its own blood sugar with less insulin. This hypoglycaemic effect is all the more apparent in endurance athletes. They produce up to two times more insulin than the average adult but maintain normal blood sugar levels. Moreover, when an overweight person loses weight, exercise attacks head-on one of the major risk factors of Type 2 diabetes: obesity.

Depression
Moderate aerobic exercise fights depression by letting people play an active role in improving their situation. Exercise helps make them feel more in control of their life. It is also believed that exercise affects us biochemically by freeing certain euphoric substances in the brain like endorphins and serotonin (anti-depressive effect). All in all, exercise practised regularly acts as a statin (a medication that lowers cholesterol levels), an antihypertensive, an anti-estrogen medication, a hypoglycaemic and an antidepressant. If you could put exercise into a pill, it would definitely be the most sold drug in the world, and the only one without side effects except for the odd ache or pain!

Exercise to lose weight: time or intensity?

More and more people are turning to exercise to lose weight and stay healthy, but the same question often comes up: to lose fat, should we do moderate exercise for a longer period of time or vigorous exercise for a short period of time?

First, you should know that we are talking about aerobic exercise - the type of effort increases metabolism, which, in turn, increases calorie expenditure. These are the best exercises you can do to lose weight, and can be done at moderate or high intensity. Intensity is considered moderate if you are a bit hot and are breathing quicker than at rest. Intensity is high if you are hot and breathing quickly without actually becoming out of breath. Think cross-country skiing on flat ground, snowshoeing in shallow snow, speed-walking or light winter jogging, swimming, or using a cardiovascular exercise machine (stationery bike, elliptical machine, treadmill, step machine, etc.).
 
Focus on Duration
 
This is a realistic approach. If you want to lose weight, and you are not in shape, you will find it easier to do moderate exercise versus high-intensity exercise. Plus, you will be less likely to injure yourself, which is a risk when an unfit person starts straight into vigorous exercise. By putting the emphasis on duration, you give yourself the chance to exercise every day and control your weight. If you exercised intensely, you would have to sometimes take days to rest to allow your muscles to recuperate.

This being said, how long should you practise moderate aerobic exercise? The best thing to do during the first few weeks is to schedule in three ten-minute sessions of exercise (or two 15-minute sessions) during the day, if possible every day. The idea is to stimulate your metabolism two or three times a day, for a total of 30 minutes of moderate physical activity, which is the minimum amount of exercise recommended by experts for people to remain healthy. This plan will help you use up about 150 calories more per day, or 1,000 more per week. If you want to speed up weight loss and are very motivated, you can gradually increase your total exercise sessions to 45 minutes a day. You will lose, more or less, one pound of fat in less than 2.5 weeks as long as you do not increase the calories you eat.

Secondly: Intensity

After one month of moderate exercise, you will have improved your physical condition and started to lose weight. You can then think about increasing your training. There are two advantages to higher intensity exercises: better cardio and more calorie expenditure per minute. By doing more vigorous exercises, you also create a larger “energy debt” for your body. In other words, after doing so, your metabolism remains high and you continue to burn calories for two or three extra hours without lifting a finger! This post-exercise burn, often “forgotten” when calculating the number of calories used, is immense, especially if you exercise several times a week.

Compromising with Intervals

The major problem with intense exercise is that you could lose motivation in the long run. Therefore, it is worthwhile to integrate more intense work into moderate exercise sessions: in other words, interval training. Let’s say you speed walk at about 110-120 steps per minute. During your 10-to-15- minute session, walk even quicker for about 30 seconds every two minutes at a pace of about 130-135 steps per minute. You can apply the same principle to swimming, cross-country skiing, winter jogging or running on a treadmill. Why are intervals beneficial? They increase the number of calories burnt without increasing the time you exercise. In concrete terms, you will still be exercising for 30 minutes a day, but you will be burning 1,300 calories a week instead of 1,000.

In fact, interval training provides great results for those who want to lose weight and improve their health through exercise. A study at the Centre of Preventive Medicine and Physical Fitness at the Montreal Heart Institute confirmed the effectiveness of this type of exercise. Nine months after following the Kilo-Actif program, 62 obese people participating in the study lost an average of 5.5% of their body mass and 5.15% around their waist. Moreover, they had increased their physical ability by 15%. Their bad cholesterol (LDL) had dropped by 7%, and their good cholesterol (HDL) had climbed by 8%. And all that in under a year!

Move Every Day to maintain weight

Recently researchers at the Mayo Clinic in the USA revealed the essential role that daily physical activity plays in regulating our weight. Twenty subjects (10 slim and 10 obese) were equipped with a sophisticated system for evaluating daily calorie expenditure and then monitored for ten days. They noticed that the slim subjects burned approximately 350 calories more per day than their obese counterparts. Also interesting: the obese subjects were sedentary for two hours longer per day.

The Most Effective Type of Exercise?

When it comes to getting off the sofa and moving around, anything is better than nothing. But experts have found that not all exercise is created equal.

When it comes to heart health, cardiovascular - or aerobic - exercise is what you need to focus on, with stretching and weight training playing a supporting role.

Good forms of cardiovascular exercise include swimming, which is an overall body workout and which really gets your heart pumping; walking, when done with purpose; and running, which  is well known for its overall health benefits and has a great impact on heart health in particular.

If you prefer to exercise at a gym there are a great number of aerobic classes to choose from, including spinning, aerobics, Tae-bo and many more. You can also join a dance group and learn salsa or ballroom dancing, both of which are extremely good cardiovascular exercises and just so happen to be great fun.

The American Heart Association advises that whichever option you choose, to be effective you must do it regularly, three to four times a week, for a minimum of 30 minutes and it must increase your heart rate for the duration. You can also break your exercise sessions down to 10 minutes three times a day, if necessary.

And while weightlifting may make you look good on the outside, the experts advise that unless it is done in conjunction with aerobic exercise it will not have much of an impact on heart health.

Don't forget; The heart is a muscle, so the stronger it is, the more effective it will be in pumping blood around the body, improving oxygen transport and circulation. 

And the more physical activity we do the better chance we have of lowering our blood pressure, and the less pressure there is on the heart the healthier it will be.

An active prescription

Good news, hot on the heels of our prize-giving events, where Dr. Steven Blair expressed concerns over physicians neglecting to recommend exercise: More and more U.S. adults are being told by their doctor to get out and get active, according to government survey released this week.

Nearly 33 per cent of adults who saw a doctor in the previous year said they were told to exercise. That was up from about 23 percent in 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported.

The report also found more women got that advice than men. And among people with chronic health problems, diabetics, were the most likely to get the advice and cancer patients were least likely.

The most dramatic - and surprising - increases were reported in patients age 85 and older. In 2000, about 15 percent were told by doctors to exercise. By 2010, almost 30 percent were getting such a recommendation. "It's very encouraging that doctors feel people at that age still have time to live and can make their health better," said Pat Barnes, a CDC health statistician who was lead author of the report.

The report was based on a survey of nearly 22,000 adults in 2010. The CDC then compared the results to similar surveys done in 2000 and 2005.

The doctors' advice may be getting through to at least some people. Other CDC data has found that about 51 percent of Americans said they exercise regularly in 2009, up from about 46 percent in 2001.

However, more than one third of U.S. adults are obese, a statistic that's held steady for nearly a decade.

Working out when under the weather

With cold and flu season fast approaching, the active lifestyle many of us enjoyed during the summer may be waning. When the inevitable winter sniffles arrive, many of us naturally prefer to hide under the duvet than dedicate ourselves to exercise, but staying active can often help shorten the duration of common colds and in the long run, findings show that exercise helps your immune system fight simple infections.

How do you decide whether you should be getting physical when feeling under the weather? Here's what Dr. Edward R. Laskowski at the Mayo Clinic advises:

• Mild to moderate physical activity is usually ok if you have a garden-variety cold and no fever. Exercise may even help you feel better by opening your nasal passages and temporarily relieving nasal congestion.
• Exercise is usually OK if your signs and symptoms are all "above the neck" — symptoms you may have with a common cold, such as runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing or minor sore throat. Consider reducing the intensity and length of your workout, though, or you may feel worse. Instead of going for a run, take a walk, for example.
• Don't exercise if your signs and symptoms are "below the neck" — such as chest congestion, hacking cough or upset stomach.
• Don't exercise if you have a fever, fatigue or widespread muscle aches.
• Let your body be your guide. If you have a cold and feel miserable, take a break. Scaling back or taking a few days off from exercise when you're sick shouldn't affect your performance. Remember if you do choose to exercise when you're sick, reduce the intensity and length of your workout. If you attempt to exercise at your normal intensity when you have more than a simple cold, you could risk more serious injury or illness.

And when you feel better? Keep exercising in the winter months to avoid illness. Some findings report that moderate intensity exercise - daily 20 to 30 minute walks, going to the gym every other day, or biking with kids a few times a week - may reduce the number of colds you get. In one study reported in the American Journal of Medicine, women who walked for a half-hour every day for one year had half the number of colds as women who did not exercise. In this study, researchers associated regular walking with increasing levels of infection-fighting white blood cells. In another study, researchers found that the number of T-cells - a specific type of white blood cell - in 65-year-olds who exercised regularly was as high as those of people in their 30s.

Exercise: The male-female divide

While we know exercise is good for us, many researchers continue to investigate exactly how it affects our nervous system. One of the moest interesting studies conducted recently includes a look at the patterns between the sexes, which is revealing how differences affect blood flow and oxygen delivery to skeletal muscles.

Led by Emma Hart, Ph.D., a research fellow under Dr. Michael Joyner at the Mayo clinic, the research team’s study reveals a difference in how nerve traffic (nerve pulses per minute) influences the way men and women regulate blood pressureT

The findings may have important implications for understanding how hypertension and other disorders of blood pressure regulation occur in men and women. “We took some young men with variable nerve traffic and showed that people with very high nerve traffic had constricted blood vessels but a lower cardiac output, and that was one of the factors that kept them from having high blood pressure,” says Dr. Joyner. In young women this relationship was absent. “It’s an indication that the women’s blood vessels and cardiovascular systems responded to nerve impulses differently.”

In young women, the team suspects that reproductive hormones, known to be protective against cardiovascular disease, may prevent the blood vessels from becoming constricted when nerve traffic is high.

“We've known for many years that men and women are different in terms of blood pressure regulation,” says Dr. Charkoudian, who is working on the project. “We know that young women have a lower risk of developing hypertension (high blood pressure) compared to young men. In this study, we focused on the importance of the sympathetic nervous system and its control of blood vessels as determinants of long-term blood pressure. Our data suggest that one of the ways women are ‘protected’ is by an influence of female hormones to alter this nerve-blood vessel interaction.”

The Joyner lab recruits a wide range of people for their studies including the occasional elite or master athlete, active and sedentary people, and those with medical conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, diseases of the autonomic nervous system and, especially people who have problems with blood pressure regulation.

Top five (scientifically proven) reasons to get active

We're committed to keeping you up-to-date on the latest research in the field of active health, weight-loss strategies, nutrition and well-being - but let's take a minute this week to get back to basics. There are many, many reasons it's important to get active, but these five should be enough to convince you it's time to get moving:

1. Weight Control: This one is obvious. Even moderate exercise burns calories, calories which, unused, will turn into fat. There's no way around it, our body stores fat until it is needed as extra energy. When we get active, these fat stores are burned by the body. To maintain a healthy weight, American government guidelines advise 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity, or an equivalent mix of the two each week

2. Brain Power: It is now a generally accepted fact that exercise can improve cognitive function, including memory, attention, and thinking. Even gentle activities such as Tai Chi, which can be performed at any age, have been found to keep the mind sharp and protect against decline in brain function as we age. One study at the the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition at the University of Pittsburgh found that older adults using relatively high amounts of energy in their daily activities have a significantly lower risk of becoming cognitively impaired compared to those who spend less energy. Similar studies in Toronto and Paris confirmed these findings.

3. Avoiding Ill-Health: Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce instances of many chronic diseases. Obesity is only the tip of the iceberg; physical activity has now been shown to reduce the risk of developing heart disease, diabetes, some cancers, and high blood pressure. Regular exercise has also been shown to ease the pain of arthritis and aid those suffering from high stress levels and associated ill-health. A study published this month by leading medical journal The Lancet concluded that 15 minutes of physical activity per day reduces risk of death by 14% - that's almost one in six deaths postponed thanks to the minimum requirement for physical activity.

4. Emotional Well-being: Exercise is a key contributor when it comes to mental heath, offering not only the benefits of higher self esteem and body-image, but reducing risk of depression and anxiety. The feelings of achievement and success often felt after exercising are extremely positive, bolstered by the release of endorphins - the 'feel good hormones'. Regular exercise has also been found to improve sleep quality, which has a direct impact on mental and emotional clarity.

5. Speedy Recovery: Regular exercise and healthy living makes it much easier for your body to repair itself in the event of  injury or surgery. Physical activity increases muscle tissue and white blood cells, which help the body to reduce inflammation.